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Dihexa is a drug that was originally developed from an angiotensin IV analog research program at Washington State University. Angiotensin IV is part of the body's renin-angiotensin system, which regulates blood pressure and fluid balance. However, it was found to also have important roles in the brain.

Dihexa has been studied for its potential to enhance cognition and possibly treat diseases that lead to cognitive decline, such as Alzheimer's disease, due to its potential effects on the formation of new synapses, the connections between neurons.

Dihexa is thought to work by binding to a protein in the brain called hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), which plays a key role in the survival, growth, and migration of neurons, as well as the formation of synapses. The binding of Dihexa to HGF is believed to stimulate the activity of this protein, thereby potentially promoting synaptogenesis and potentially enhancing cognition.

However, as of my knowledge cutoff in September 2021, the efficacy and safety of Dihexa in humans was not yet fully established. Though there is promising research, more thorough clinical trials are needed to understand its potential benefits and risks in humans. It's also worth noting that Dihexa is not yet an FDA-approved drug.

Before considering the use of substances like Dihexa, it's always important to consult with a healthcare provider to understand potential risks and benefits. It's also important to stay informed about the most current research. As an AI developed by OpenAI, I can provide information based on what I was trained on until September 2021, but new discoveries may have been made since then.

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) or renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a hormone system in the body that helps regulate blood pressure and fluid balance. Here's a simplified explanation of how it works:

When blood pressure in the body drops (or when certain other triggers occur), the kidney releases an enzyme called renin into the bloodstream.

Renin then converts a protein produced by the liver called angiotensinogen into angiotensin I.

Angiotensin I is then converted into angiotensin II by an enzyme called angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), which is found primarily in the lungs.

Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor, meaning it causes blood vessels to narrow, which raises blood pressure. It also stimulates the release of a hormone called aldosterone from the adrenal glands.

Aldosterone causes the kidneys to retain sodium and water, which increases the volume of fluid in the body, and this further increases blood pressure.

The result of these steps is an increase in blood pressure, returning it to a normal level.

This system is an example of a negative feedback loop where the body responds to a change in a certain direction (in this case, a drop in blood pressure) by initiating physiological processes to bring the change back towards the normal range. This helps maintain homeostasis in the body.

This system can be influenced by various drugs and hormones and is the target of several types of blood pressure medications, including ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). These medications inhibit different steps in this system to lower blood pressure.

Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) is a protein that is primarily produced by mesenchymal cells, and it plays an important role in cell growth, cell motility, and morphogenesis (the process that causes an organism to develop its shape). It is a potent mitogen (a substance that encourages cell division and proliferation) for mature parenchymal hepatocyte cells, hence the name.

While it was first identified for its role in the liver (hence "hepatocyte" in its name), it was later found to be involved in the function of many different tissues and cell types. For example, it is involved in the growth of epithelial and endothelial cells, and it plays important roles in wound healing, tissue regeneration, and embryogenesis.

One of its important features is its ability to prevent cell death, or apoptosis, which is a significant part of diseases like cirrhosis of the liver and chronic kidney disease.

In the brain, HGF promotes neurogenesis (the creation of new neurons), helps protect neurons from damage, and aids in synaptic plasticity (the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time, which is thought to be a fundamental mechanism underlying learning and memory).

As such, it's a target of interest for treating neurodegenerative disorders, like Alzheimer's disease, and in regenerative medicine more generally. However, as of my knowledge cutoff in September 2021, research in these areas is ongoing and many questions remain about the best ways to leverage HGF for therapeutic purposes.

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NSI-189 is a compound that was under development by Neuralstem, Inc. as a potential treatment for major depressive disorder, as well as other conditions such as cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration. The drug was still in clinical trials as of my knowledge cutoff in September 2021, so its full range of effects on the human body is not definitively known. It's important to check the most recent literature or consult with a healthcare professional for the most current information.

In the studies conducted up to 2021, NSI-189 is reported to stimulate neurogenesis, particularly in the hippocampus, a region of the brain associated with memory and emotional regulation. Neurogenesis is the process of forming new neurons (nerve cells) in the brain. This compound is thought to work by increasing the volume of the hippocampus and thereby potentially improving symptoms of depression and cognitive decline.

The exact mechanism of action for NSI-189 is still not entirely understood. The drug is believed to stimulate a process called neurogenesis, but it also seems to have additional effects, such as potentially modulating the brain's response to stress and promoting synaptogenesis (the formation of synapses between neurons).

However, please note that while the idea of neurogenesis is promising, NSI-189 is not yet approved for use by the FDA or any other regulatory authority as of 2021. The safety and efficacy of NSI-189 need to be confirmed by large-scale clinical trials, and potential side effects need to be thoroughly investigated.

Synaptogenesis is the process by which neurons form synapses with each other, enabling them to transmit signals. It's a crucial aspect of neural development, plasticity, and functioning. Here is a simplified explanation of the process:

Neurite Outgrowth: Neuronal cells develop projections called axons and dendrites (collectively known as neurites). The axon is the transmitting end of a neuron, while dendrites are the receiving ends. Neurites grow and extend in response to both genetic factors and environmental cues, such as chemical signals.

Contact and Recognition: Neurites from different neurons come into close contact with each other. The axon of one neuron will typically meet the dendrite of another neuron at the location where a synapse is to form. Specific molecules on the surfaces of axons and dendrites interact with each other, facilitating recognition between the neurons.

Formation of Synaptic Structures: Once the neurons recognize each other, they begin to develop the structures necessary for a synapse. On the axon side (the presynaptic side), this involves the formation of structures for storing neurotransmitters (the chemical messengers of the nervous system) and for releasing them in response to electrical signals. On the dendrite side (the postsynaptic side), this involves the development of receptor structures to receive the neurotransmitters.

Maturation and Refinement: Over time, the synapse matures and becomes more efficient at transmitting signals. Synapses also undergo a refinement process, where some synapses are strengthened and others are weakened or eliminated, a phenomenon known as synaptic pruning. This process is influenced by the activity of the synapse and is thought to be crucial for learning and memory.

This is a highly complex process that is regulated by a multitude of genetic and environmental factors. Furthermore, while we have a broad understanding of how synaptogenesis works, many details about the precise mechanisms are still being researched.

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References

Bruynens D. Dihexa: Usage, Side Effects and Dosage - Reproductive Health Tech Project. Reproductive Health Tech Project. Published April 1, 2022. https://rhtp.org/dihexa/

Buy Dihexa capsules 5 mg (SKU: NC-DHXA5) – Nootropics. (n.d.). SwissChems - Buy Best Quality Peptides, PCT, SARMS Online. Retrieved June 8, 2023, from https://swisschems.is/product/dihexa-capsules-300mg-5mg-per-capsule/ref/1956/?campaign=Dihexa%20Caps

Buy NSI-189 Phosphate 20-mg caps (SKU: NC-NSIPH20) – Nootropics. (n.d.). SwissChems - Buy Best Quality Peptides, PCT, SARMS Online. Retrieved June 8, 2023, from https://swisschems.is/product/nsi-189-phosphate-capsules-20-mg-per-capsule/ref/1956/?campaign=NSI-189Caps

Fawkes J. Dihexa: What Is It, What’s The Research On It, And Is It For Sale? The Unwinder. Published online December 18, 2021. https://the-unwinder.com/science/dihexa/

Genemedics Health Institute. Dihexa Peptide: Benefits, Uses & Side Effects | GeneMedics. Leader in Anti-Aging & Hormone Replacement for Men and Women in USA. Published June 7, 2023. https://www.genemedics.com/dihexa

Neuroplasticity. (n.d.). Psychology Today. Retrieved June 8, 2023, from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/neuroplasticity

Wikipedia contributors. Dihexa. Wikipedia. Published online April 20, 2023. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihexa

Wikipedia contributors. NSI-189. Wikipedia. Published online March 14, 2023. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSI-189

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